Method of generating reconstructed block

ABSTRACT

Provided is a method that derives an intra prediction mode of a prediction unit, determines a size of a current block using transform size information, generates a prediction block of the current block according to the intra prediction mode, generating a residual block of the current block according to the intra prediction mode and generating a reconstructed block of the current block using the prediction block and the residual block. The sizes of the prediction block and the residual block are set equal to a size of a transform unit. Therefore, the distance of intra prediction becomes short, and the amount of coding bits of residual block is reduced by generating a prediction block very similar to original block. Also, the signaling bits required to signal intra prediction mode decrease by generating MPM group adaptively according to the neighboring intra prediction modes.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/349,465, filed on Apr. 3, 2014, which claims priority tointernational application PCT/CN2012/083994, filed on Nov. 2, 2012,which claims priority to Korean Patent Application 10-2011-0114609,filed on Nov. 4, 2011.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus of decodingan image, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus of adaptivelygenerating a prediction block and residual block having equal size to atransform unit according to an intra prediction mode.

BACKGROUND ART

In H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, one picture is divided into macroblocks to encodean image, the respective macroblocks are encoded by generating aprediction block using inter prediction or intra prediction. Thedifference between an original block and the prediction block istransformed to generate a transformed block, and the transformed blockis quantized using a quantization parameter and one of a plurality ofpredetermined quantization matrices. The quantized coefficient of thequantized block are scanned by a predetermined scan type and thenentropy-coded. The quantization parameter is adjusted per macroblock andencoded using a previous quantization parameter.

Meanwhile, techniques using various size of coding unit are introducedto improve the coding efficiency. Techniques increasing a number ofintra prediction modes are also introduces to generate a predictionblock more similar to an original block.

But, if the number of intra prediction modes increases, the amount ofcoding bits required for signaling the intra prediction mode becomeslarger. Also, if the size of the coding unit is larger, the differencebetween an original block and a prediction block prediction block isgreater.

Accordingly, more effective method is required to signal the intraprediction mode. More effective method is also required to minimize thedifference between the original block and the prediction block and tominimize the coding bits of residual block.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

The present invention is directed to a method of deriving an intraprediction mode of a prediction unit, determining a size of a currentblock using transform size information, generating a prediction blockand a residual block of the current block according to the intraprediction mode and generating a reconstructed block of the currentblock using the prediction block and the residual block.

Technical Solution

One aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating areconstructed block, comprising: deriving an intra prediction mode of aprediction unit, determining a size of a current block using transformsize information, generating a prediction block of the current blockaccording to the intra prediction mode, generating a residual block ofthe current block according to the intra prediction mode and generatinga reconstructed block of the current block using the prediction blockand the residual block.

Advantageous Effects

A method according to the present invention derives an intra predictionmode of a prediction unit, determines a size of a current block usingtransform size information, generates a prediction block of the currentblock according to the intra prediction mode, generating a residualblock of the current block according to the intra prediction mode andgenerating a reconstructed block of the current block using theprediction block and the residual block. The sizes of the predictionblock and the residual block are set equal to a size of a transformunit. Therefore, the distance of intra prediction becomes short, and theamount of coding bits of residual block is reduced by generating aprediction block very similar to original block. Also, the signalingbits required to signal intra prediction mode decrease by generating MPMgroup adaptively according to the neighboring intra prediction modes.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according tothe present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating areconstructed block in intra prediction according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of deriving an intraprediction mode of a current prediction unit according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating intra prediction modesaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating aprediction block according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating positions of referencepixels of a current block according to the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating a residualblock according to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of deriving quantizationparameter according to the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus of generating areconstructed block according to the present invention.

MODE FOR INVENTION

Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present invention will bedescribed in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.However, the present invention is not limited to the exemplaryembodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various types.Therefore, many other modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible, and it is to be understood that within the scopeof the disclosed concept, the present invention may be practicedotherwise than as has been specifically described.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus 100 according tothe present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, the image coding apparatus 100 according to thepresent invention includes a picture division unit 101, a transform unit103, a quantization unit 104, a scanning unit 105, an entropy codingunit 106, an inverse quantization unit 107, an inverse transform unit108, a post-processing unit 110, a picture storing unit 111, an intraprediction unit 112, an inter prediction unit 113, a subtracter 102 andan adder 109.

The picture division unit 101 divides a picture or a slice into aplurality of largest coding units (LCUs), and divides each LCU into oneor more coding units. The picture division unit 101 determinesprediction mode of each coding unit and a size of prediction unit and asize of transform unit.

An LCU includes one or more coding units. The LCU has a recursive quadtree structure to specify a division structure. Information specifyingthe maximum size and the minimum size of the coding unit is included ina sequence parameter set. The division structure is specified by one ormore split coding unit flags (split_cu_flags). The coding unit has asize of 2N×2N.

A coding unit includes one or more prediction units. In intraprediction, the size of the prediction unit is 2N×2N or N×N. In interprediction, the size of the prediction unit is 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N or N×N.When the prediction unit is an asymmetric partition in inter prediction,the size of the prediction unit may also be one of hN×2N, (2−h)N×2N,2N×hN and 2N×(2−h)N. The value of h is ½.

A coding unit includes one or more transform units. The transform unithas a recursive quad tree structure to specify a division structure. Thedivision structure is specified by one or more split transform unitflags (split_tu_flags). Information specifying the maximum size and theminimum size of the transform unit is included in a sequence parameterset.

The intra prediction unit 112 determines an intra prediction mode of acurrent prediction unit and generates a prediction block using the intraprediction mode. The prediction block has the same size of the transformunit.

The inter prediction unit 113 determines motion information of thecurrent prediction unit using one or more reference pictures stored inthe picture storing unit 111, and generates a prediction block of theprediction unit. The motion information includes one or more referencepicture indexes and one or more motion vectors.

The transform unit 103 transforms residual signals generated using anoriginal block and a prediction block to generate a transformed block.The residual signals are transformed in transform units. A transformtype is determined by the prediction mode and the size of the transformunit. The transform type is a DCT-based integer transform or a DST-basedinteger transform. For example, inter prediction, DCT-based integertransforms are used. In intra prediction mode, if the size of thetransform unit is smaller than a predetermined size, the DST-basedinteger transforms are used, otherwise the DCT-based integer transformsare used.

The quantization unit 104 determines a quantization parameter forquantizing the transformed block. The quantization parameter is aquantization step size. The quantization parameter is determined perquantization unit. The size of the quantization unit is one of allowablesizes of coding unit. If a size of the coding unit is equal to or largerthan the minimum size of the quantization unit, the coding unit becomesthe quantization unit. A plurality of coding units may be included in aquantization unit. The minimum size of the quantization unit isdetermined per picture and information specifying the minimum size ofthe quantization unit is included in a picture parameter set.

The quantization unit 104 generates a quantization parameter predictorand generates a differential quantization parameter by subtracting thequantization parameter predictor from the quantization parameter. Thedifferential quantization parameter is entropy coded and included incoding unit syntax.

The quantization parameter predictor is generated by using quantizationparameters of neighboring coding units and a quantization parameter ofprevious coding unit as follows.

A left quantization parameter, an above quantization parameter and aprevious quantization parameter are sequentially retrieved in thisorder. An average of the first two available quantization parametersretrieved in that order is set as the quantization parameter predictorwhen two or more quantization parameters are available, and when onlyone quantization parameter is available, the available quantizationparameter is set as the quantization parameter predictor. That is, ifthe left and above quantization parameter are available, the average ofthe left and above quantization parameter is set as the quantizationparameter predictor. If only one of the left and above quantizationparameter is available, the average of the available quantizationparameter and the previous quantization parameter is set as thequantization parameter predictor. If both of the left and abovequantization parameter are unavailable, the previous quantizationparameter is set as the quantization parameter predictor. The average isrounded off.

The quantization unit 104 quantizes the transformed block using aquantization matrix and the quantization parameter to generate aquantized block. The quantized block is provided to the inversequantization unit 107 and the scanning unit 105.

The scanning unit 105 determines a scan pattern and applies the scanpattern to the quantized block. When CABAC (Context adaptive binaryarithmetic coding) is used for entropy coding, the scan pattern isdetermined as follows.

In intra prediction, the scan pattern is determined by the intraprediction mode and the size of the transform unit. The size of thetransform unit, the size of transformed block and the size of thequantized block are same. The scan pattern is selected among a diagonalscan, vertical scan and horizontal scan. The quantized transformcoefficients of the quantized block are split into significant flags,coefficient signs and coefficient levels. The scan pattern is applied tothe significant flags, coefficient signs and coefficient levelsrespectively. The significant flag indicates whether the correspondingquantized transform coefficient is zero or not. The coefficient signindicates a sign of non-zero quantized transform coefficient, and thecoefficients level indicates an absolute value of non-zero quantizedtransform coefficient.

When the size of the transform unit is equal to or smaller than a firstsize, the horizontal scan is selected for the vertical mode and apredetermined number of neighboring intra prediction modes of thevertical mode in directionality, the vertical scan is selected for thehorizontal mode and the predetermined number of neighboring intraprediction modes of the horizontal mode in directionality, and thediagonal scan is selected for the other intra prediction modes. When thesize of the transform unit is larger than the first size, the diagonalscan is used. The first size is 8×8.

In inter prediction, a predetermined scan pattern is used regardless ofthe size of the transform unit. The predetermined scan pattern is thediagonal scan when the CABAC is used for entropy coding.

When the size of the transform unit is larger than a second size, thequantized block is divided into a main subset and a plurality ofremaining subsets and the determined scan pattern is applied to eachsubset. Significant flags, coefficient signs and coefficients levels ofeach subset are scanned respectively according to the determined scanpattern. The main subset includes DC coefficient and the remainingsubsets covers the region other than the region covered by the mainsubset. The second size is 4×4. A size of the subset may be 4×4 block ormay vary according to the scan pattern. The subset contains 16 transformcoefficients.

The scan pattern for scanning the subsets is the same as the scanpattern for scanning quantized transform coefficients of each subset.The quantized transform coefficients of each subset are scanned in thereverse direction. The subsets are also scanned in the reversedirection.

Last non-zero coefficient position is encoded and transmitted to thedecoder. The last non-zero coefficient position specifies a position oflast non-zero quantized transform coefficient within the transform unit.Non-zero subset flag is set for each subset other than the main subsetand the last subset. The last subset covers the last non-zerocoefficient. The non-zero subset flag indicates whether the subsetcontains non-zero coefficients or not.

The inverse quantization unit 107 inversely quantizes the quantizedtransform coefficients of the quantized block.

The inverse transform unit 108 inversely transforms the inversequantized block to generate residual signals of the spatial domain.

The adder 109 generates a reconstructed block by adding the residualblock and the prediction block.

The post-processing unit 110 performs a deblocking filtering process forremoving blocking artifact generated in a reconstructed picture.

The picture storing unit 111 receives post-processed image from thepost-processing unit 110, and stores the image in picture units. Apicture may be a frame or a field.

The entropy coding unit 106 entropy-codes the one-dimensionalcoefficient information received from the scanning unit 105, intraprediction information received from the intra prediction unit 112,motion information received from the inter prediction unit 113, and soon.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus 200 accordingto the present invention.

The image decoding apparatus 200 according to the present inventionincludes an entropy decoding unit 201, an inverse scanning unit 202, aninverse quantization unit 203, an inverse transform unit 204, an adder205, a post processing unit 206, a picture storing unit 207, an intraprediction unit 208 and an inter prediction unit 209.

The entropy decoding unit 201 extracts the intra prediction information,the inter prediction information and the one-dimensional coefficientinformation from a received bit stream. The entropy decoding unit 201transmits the inter prediction information to the inter prediction unit209, the intra prediction information to the intra prediction unit 208and the coefficient information to the inverse scanning unit 202.

The inverse scanning unit 202 uses an inverse scan pattern to generatequantized block. When CABAC is used for entropy coding, the scan patternis determined as follows.

In intra prediction, the inverse scan pattern is determined by the intraprediction mode and the size of the transform unit. The inverse scanpattern is selected among a diagonal scan, vertical scan and horizontalscan. The selected inverse scan pattern is applied to significant flags,coefficient signs and coefficients levels respectively to generate thequantized block.

When the size of the transform unit is equal to or smaller than a firstsize, the horizontal scan is selected for the vertical mode and apredetermined number of neighboring intra prediction modes of to thevertical mode, the vertical scan is selected for the horizontal mode andthe predetermined number of neighboring intra prediction modes of thehorizontal mode, and the diagonal scan is selected for the other intraprediction modes. When the size of the transform unit is larger than thefirst size, the diagonal scan is used. When the size of the transformunit is larger than the first size, the diagonal scan is selected forall intra prediction modes. The first size is 8×8.

When the size of the transform unit is larger than the first size, thediagonal scan is selected for all intra prediction modes.

In inter prediction, the diagonal scan is used.

When the size of the transform unit is larger than the second size, thesignificant flags, the coefficient signs and the coefficients levels areinversely scanned in the unit of subset using the determined inversescan pattern to generate subsets, and the subsets are inversely scannedto generate the quantized block. The second size is 4×4. The size of thesubset may be 4×4 block or a non-square block determined by the scanpattern. The non-square block includes 16 transform coefficients. Forexample, the size of the subset is 8×2 for the horizontal scan, 2×8 forthe vertical scan and 4×4 for the diagonal scan.

The inverse scan pattern used for generating each subset is the same asthe inverse scan pattern used for generating the quantized block. Thesignificant flags, the coefficient signs and the coefficient levels areinversely scanned in the reverse direction. The subsets are alsoinversely scanned in the reverse direction.

The last non-zero coefficient position and the non-zero subset flags arereceived from the encoder. The number of encoded subsets is determinedaccording to the last non-zero coefficient position and the inverse scanpattern. The non-zero subset flags are used to select subsets to begenerated. The main subset and the last subset are generated using theinverse scan pattern.

The inverse quantization unit 203 receives the differential quantizationparameter from the entropy decoding unit 201 and generates thequantization parameter predictor. The quantization parameter predictoris generated through the same operation of the quantization unit 104 ofFIG. 1. Then, the inverse quantization unit 203 adds the differentialquantization parameter and the quantization parameter predictor togenerate the quantization parameter of the current coding unit. If thesize of the current coding unit is equal to or larger than the minimumsize of the quantization unit and the differential quantizationparameter for the current coding unit is not received from the encoder,the differential quantization parameter is set to 0.

The inverse quantization unit 203 inversely quantizes the quantizedblock.

The inverse transform unit 204 inversely transforms theinverse-quantized block to restore a residual block. The inversetransform type is adaptively determined according to the prediction modeand the size of the transform unit. The inverse transform type is theDCT-based integer transform or the DST-based integer transform. Forexample, inter prediction, DCT-based integer transforms are used.

In intra prediction mode, if the size of the transform unit is smallerthan a predetermined size, the DST-based integer transforms are used,otherwise the DCT-based integer transforms are used.

The intra prediction unit 208 restores the intra prediction mode of thecurrent prediction unit using the received intra prediction information,and generates a prediction block according to the restored intraprediction mode.

The inter prediction unit 209 restores the motion information of thecurrent prediction unit using the received inter prediction information,and generates a prediction block using the motion information.

The post-processing unit 206 operates the same as the post-processingunit 110 of FIG. 1.

The picture storing unit 207 receives post-processed image from thepost-processing unit 206, and stores the image in picture units. Apicture may be a frame or a field.

The adder 205 adds the restored residual block and a prediction block togenerate a reconstructed block.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating areconstructed block in intra prediction according to the presentinvention.

First, an intra prediction mode of a current prediction unit is derived(S1100).

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of deriving the intraprediction mode of the current prediction unit according to the presentinvention.

Intra prediction parameters of the current prediction unit are extractedfrom a received bit stream (S1110).

The intra prediction parameters are s mode group indicator and aprediction mode index. The mode group indicator is a flag indicatingwhether the intra prediction mode of the current prediction unit belongsto a most probable mode group (MPM group). If the flag is 1, the intraprediction unit of the current prediction unit belongs to the MPM group.If the flag is 0, the intra prediction unit of the current predictionunit belongs to a residual mode group. The residual mode group includesall intra prediction modes other than the intra prediction modes of theMPM group. The prediction mode index specifies the intra prediction modeof the current prediction unit within the group specified by the modegroup indicator.

The MPM group is constructed using intra prediction modes of theneighboring prediction units (S1120). The intra prediction modes of theMPM group are adaptively determined by a left intra prediction mode andan above intra prediction mode. The left intra prediction mode is theintra prediction mode of the left neighboring prediction unit, and theabove intra prediction mode is the intra prediction mode of the aboveneighboring prediction unit. The MPM group is comprised of three intraprediction modes.

If the left or above neighboring prediction unit does not exist, theintra prediction mode of the left or above neighboring unit is set asunavailable. For example, if the current prediction unit is located atthe left or upper boundary of a picture, the left or above neighboringprediction unit does not exist. If the left or above neighboring unit islocated within other slice or other tile, the intra prediction mode ofthe left or above neighboring unit is set as unavailable. If the left orabove neighboring unit is inter-coded, the intra prediction mode of theleft or above neighboring unit is set as unavailable. If the aboveneighboring unit is located within other LCU, the intra prediction modeof the left or above neighboring unit is set as unavailable.

FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating intra prediction modesaccording to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the number ofintra prediction modes is 35. The DC mode and the planar mode arenon-directional intra prediction modes and the others are directionalintra prediction modes.

When both of the left intra prediction mode and the above intraprediction mode are available and are different each other, the leftintra prediction mode and the above intra prediction mode are includedin the MPM group and one additional intra prediction mode is added tothe MPM group. Index 0 is assigned to one intra prediction mode of smallmode number and index 1 is assigned to the other. Or index 0 is assignedto the left intra prediction mode and index 1 is assigned to the aboveintra prediction mode. The added intra prediction mode is determined bythe left and above intra prediction modes as follows.

If one of the left and above intra prediction modes is a non-directionalmode and the other is a directional mode, the other non-directional modeis added to the MPM group. For example, if the one of the left and aboveintra prediction modes is the DC mode, the planar mode is added to theMPM group. If the one of the left and above intra prediction modes isthe planar mode, the DC mode is added to the MPM group. If both of theleft and above intra prediction modes are non-directional modes, thevertical mode is added to the MPM group. If both of the left and aboveintra prediction modes are directional modes, the DC mode or the planarmode is added to the MPM group.

When only one of the left intra prediction mode and the above intraprediction mode is available, the available intra prediction mode isincluded in the MPM group and two additional intra prediction modes areadded to the MPM group. The added two intra prediction modes aredetermined by the available intra prediction modes as follows.

If the available intra prediction mode is a non-directional mode, theother non-directional mode and the vertical mode are added to the MPMgroup. For example, if the available intra prediction mode is the DCmode, the planar mode and the vertical mode are added to the MPM group.If the available intra prediction mode is the planar mode, the DC modeand the vertical mode are added to the MPM group. If the available intraprediction mode is a directional mode, two non-directional modes (DCmode and planar mode) are added to the MPM group.

When both of the left intra prediction mode and the above intraprediction mode are available and are same each other, the availableintra prediction mode is included in the MPM group and two additionalintra prediction modes are added to the MPM group. The added two intraprediction modes are determined by the available intra prediction modesas follows.

If the available intra prediction mode is a directional mode, twoneighboring directional modes are added to the MPM group. For example,if the available intra prediction mode is the mode 23, the leftneighboring mode (mode 1) and the right neighboring mode (mode 13) areadded to the MPM group. If the available intra prediction mode is themode 30, the two neighboring modes (mode 2 and mode 16) are added to theMPM group. If the available intra prediction mode is a non-directionalmode, the other non-directional mode and the vertical mode are added tothe MPM group. For example, if the available intra prediction mode isthe DC mode, the planar mode and the vertical mode are added to the MPMgroup.

When both of the left intra prediction mode and the above intraprediction mode are unavailable, three additional intra prediction modesare added to the MPM group. The three intra prediction modes are the DCmode, the planar mode and the vertical mode. Indexes 0, 1 and 2 areassigned to the three intra prediction modes in the order of the DCmode, the planar mode and the vertical mode or in the order of theplanar mode, the DC mode and the vertical mode.

It is determined whether the mode group indicator indicates the MPMgroup (S1130).

If the mode group indicator indicates the MPM group, the intraprediction of the MPM group specified by the prediction mode index isset as the intra prediction mode of the current prediction unit (S1140).

If the mode group indicator does not indicate the MPM group, the threeintra predictions of the MPM group are reordered in the mode numberorder (S1150). Among the three intra prediction modes of the MPM group,the intra prediction mode with lowest mode number is set to a firstcandidate, the intra prediction mode with middle mode number is set to asecond candidate, and the intra prediction mode with highest mode numberis set to a third candidate.

The prediction mode index is compared with the first candidate (S1160).If the prediction mode index is equal to or greater than the firstcandidate of the MPM group, the value of the prediction mode index isincreased by one. Otherwise, the value of the prediction mode index ismaintained.

The prediction mode index is compared with the second candidate (S1170).If the prediction mode index is equal to or greater than the secondcandidate of the MPM group, the value of the prediction mode index isincreased by one. Otherwise, the value of the prediction mode index ismaintained.

The prediction mode index is compared with the third candidate (S1180).If the prediction mode index is equal to or greater than the thirdcandidate of the MPM group, the value of the prediction mode index isincreased by one. Otherwise, the value of the prediction mode index ismaintained.

The value of the final prediction mode index is set as the mode numberof the intra prediction mode of the current prediction unit (S1190).

Next, a size of a current block is determined to generate a predictionblock (S1200).

The size of the current block is equal to the size of the transformunit. The size of the current block is determined using the size of theprediction unit and transform size information. A prediction block and aresidual block of the current block have same size of the transformunit. The transform size information includes one or more split_tu_flagsused for indicating the split structure.

If the size of the transform unit is equal to the size of the currentprediction unit, the current prediction unit is set as the currentblock.

If the size of the transform unit is smaller than the size of thecurrent prediction unit, the prediction unit is comprised of a pluralityof sub-blocks. Each sub-block is set as the current block. In this case,the steps S1300, S1400 and S1500 are performed for the first sub-blockof the prediction unit. Then, the steps S1300, S1400 and S1500 arerepeatedly performed for the remaining sub-blocks of the prediction unitin decoding order. Same intra prediction mode is used for all thesub-blocks within the prediction unit.

Next, a prediction block is generated according to the intra predictionmode (S1300).

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating theprediction block according to the present invention.

It is determined whether all reference pixels of the current block areavailable, and reference pixels are generated if one or more referencepixels are unavailable (S1210). The current block is the currentprediction unit or the sub-block of the current prediction unit. Thesize of the current block is the size of the transform unit.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating positions of referencepixels of the current block according to the present invention. As shownin FIG. 7, the reference pixels of the current blocks are comprised ofabove reference pixels located at (x=0, . . . , 2N−1, y=−1), leftreference pixels located at (x=1−, y=0, . . . , 2M−1) and a corner pixellocated at (x=−1, y=−1). N is the width of the current block and M isthe height of the current block.

If one or more reference pixels are unavailable, one or more referencepixels are generated as follows.

If all reference pixels are unavailable, a constant value is substitutedfor the values of all the reference pixels. The constant value is2^(L-1) and the value of L is the number of bits used to representluminance pixel value.

If available reference pixels are located at only one side of theunavailable reference pixel, the value of the reference pixel nearest tothe unavailable pixel is substituted for the unavailable referencepixel.

If available reference pixels are located at both sides of theunavailable reference pixel, the value of the reference pixel nearest tothe unavailable pixel in a predetermined direction is substituted foreach unavailable reference pixel.

The reference pixels are adaptively filtered based on the intraprediction mode and the size of the current block (S1220). The size ofthe current block is the size of the transform unit.

In the DC mode, the reference pixels are not filtered. In the verticalmode and the horizontal mode, the reference pixels are not filtered. Inthe directional modes other than the vertical and horizontal modes, thereference pixels are adaptively according to the size of the currentblock.

If the size of the current block is 4×4, the reference pixels are notfiltered in all intra prediction modes. For the size 8×8, 16×16 and32×32, the number of intra prediction mode where the reference pixelsare filtered increases as the size of the current block becomes larger.

A prediction block of the current block is generated using the referencepixels according to the restored intra prediction mode (S1230).

In the DC mode, the prediction pixels are generated by copying averagevalue of the N reference pixels located at (x=0, . . . N−1, y=−1) andthe M reference pixels located at (x=−1, y=0, . . . M−1). The predictionpixel adjacent to the reference pixel is filtered by one or two adjacentreference pixels.

In the vertical mode, the prediction pixels are generated by copying thevalue of the vertical corresponding reference pixel. The predictionpixels adjacent to the left reference pixel are filtered using thecorner pixel and the left neighboring pixel. In the horizontal mode, theprediction pixels are generated by copying the value of the horizontalcorresponding reference pixel. The prediction pixels adjacent to theabove reference pixel are filtered using the corner pixel and the upperneighboring pixel.

Next, a residual block is generated according to the intra predictionmode (S1400).

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of generating theresidual block according to the present invention.

The encoded residual signals are entropy-decoded to generate quantizedcoefficient information (S1410). When CABAC is used for entropy coding,the coefficients information includes significant flags, coefficientsigns and coefficient levels. The significant flag indicates whether thecorresponding quantized transform coefficient is zero or not. Thecoefficient sign indicates a sign of non-zero quantized transformcoefficient, and the coefficients level indicates an absolute value ofnon-zero quantized transform coefficient.

An inverse scan pattern is determined and a quantized block is generatedaccording the inverse scan pattern (S1420). The step is performed by theinverse scanning unit 220 of FIG. 2. Therefore, the same operation ofthe inverse scanning unit 220 is performed to determine the inverse scanpattern and to generate the quantized block.

The quantized block is inversely quantized using a quantizationparameter (S1430).

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure of deriving quantizationparameter according to the present invention.

A minimum size of the quantization unit is derived (S1431). The minimumsize of the quantization unit is equal to a size of LCU or a size ofsub-block of LCU. The minimum size of the quantization unit isdetermined per picture. A parameter (cu_qp_delta_enabled_info)specifying the depth of the minimum size of the quantization unit isextracted from PPS. The minimum size of the quantization unit is derivedas following equation:Log 2(MinQUSize)=Log 2(MaxCUSize)−cu_qp_delta_enabled_infoThe MinQUSize is the minimum size of the quantization unit. TheMaxCUSize is the size of LCU. Only one parameter is used for derivingthe minimum size of the quantization unit.

A differential quantization parameter (dQP) of the current coding unitis restored (S1432). The dQP is restored per quantization unit. Forexample, if the size of the current coding unit is equal to or largerthan the minimum size of the quantization unit, the dQP is restored forthe current coding unit. If the current coding unit does not contain anencoded dQP, the dQP is set to zero. If the quantization unit includesplural coding units, a first coding unit containing the dQP and thefollowing coding unit within the quantization unit have same dQP.

The encoded dQP is arithmetically decoded to generate a bin string, andthe bin string is converted into the dQP. The bin string comprises a binfor indicating the dQP is zero or not. When the dQP is not zero, the binstring further comprises a bin for sign of the dQP, and a bin string forindicating absolute value of the dQP.

A quantization parameter predictor of the current coding unit isgenerated (S1433). The quantization parameter predictor is generatedusing the same operation of the inverse quantization unit 230 of FIG. 2.

If the quantization unit includes plural coding units, the quantizationparameter predictor of the first coding unit in the decoding order isgenerated, and the generated quantization parameter predictor is usedfor all the coding units within the quantization unit.

The quantization parameter is generated using the dQP and thequantization parameter predictor (S1434).

Meanwhile, the user-defined quantization matrices are also restored. Aset of the user-defined quantization matrices is received from theencoding apparatus through the SPS or the PPS. The user-definedquantization matrix is restored using inverse DPCM. The diagonal scan isused for the DPCM. When the size of the user-defined quantization matrixis larger than 8×8, the user-defined quantization matrix is restored byup-sampling the coefficients of the received 8×8 quantization matrix.The DC coefficient of the user-defined quantization matrix is extractedfrom the SPS or the PPS. For example, if the size of the user-definedquantization matrix is 16×16, coefficients of the received 8×8quantization matrix are up-sampled using 1:4 up-sampling.

A residual block is generated by inversely transforming theinverse-quantized block (S1440). An inverse transform type is adaptivelydetermined according to the prediction mode and the size of thetransform unit. The inverse transform type is the DCT-based integertransform or the DST-based integer transform. In intra prediction mode,if the size of the transform unit is smaller than a predetermined size,the DST-based integer transforms are used, otherwise the DCT-basedinteger transforms are used.

Next, a reconstructed block is generated by adding the prediction blockand the residual block (S1500).

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 300 of generating areconstructed block according to the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 10, the apparatus 300 according to the presentinvention includes an intra prediction mode deriving unit 310, aprediction size determining unit 320, a prediction block generating unit330, a residual block generating unit 340 and a reconstructed blockgenerating unit 350.

The intra prediction mode deriving unit 310 derives the intra predictionmode of the current prediction unit. The intra prediction mode derivingunit 310 performs the same procedure of FIG. 4 to derive the intraprediction mode.

The prediction size determining unit 320 determines the size of thecurrent block using the size of the current prediction unit and thetransform size information. The size of the current block is equal tothe size of the transform unit. A prediction block and a residual blockof the current block have same size of the transform unit. The currentprediction unit or a sub-block of the current prediction unit is set asthe current block based on the transform size information.

The prediction block generating unit 330 generates the prediction blockof the current block using the intra prediction mode. The predictionblock generating unit 330 includes a reference pixel generator 331, areference pixel filter 332 and a prediction block generator 333.

The reference pixel generator 331 generates reference pixels if one ormore reference pixels of the current block are unavailable. If allreference pixels are unavailable, the value of 2^(L-1) is substitutedfor the values of all the reference pixels. The value of L is the numberof bits used to represent luminance pixel value. If available referencepixels are located at only one side of the unavailable reference pixel,the value of the reference pixel nearest to the unavailable pixel issubstituted for the unavailable reference pixel. If available referencepixels are located at both sides of the unavailable reference pixel, thevalue of the reference pixel nearest to the unavailable pixel in apredetermined direction is substituted for each unavailable referencepixel.

The reference pixel filter 332 adaptively filters the reference pixelsbased on the intra prediction mode and the size of the transform unit.

In the DC mode, the reference pixels are not filtered. In the verticalmode and the horizontal mode, the reference pixels are not filtered. Inthe directional modes other than the vertical and horizontal modes, thereference pixels are adaptively according to the size of the currentblock.

If the size of the current block is 4×4, the reference pixels are notfiltered in all intra prediction modes. For the size 8×8, 16×16 and32×32, the number of intra prediction mode where the reference pixelsare filtered increases as the size of the current block becomes larger.For example, the reference pixels are not filtered in the vertical modeand a predetermined number of neighboring intra prediction mode of thevertical mode. The reference pixels are also not filtered in thehorizontal mode and the predetermined number of neighboring intraprediction mode of the horizontal mode. The predetermined number is oneof 0-7 and decreases as the size of the current block increases.

The prediction block generator 333 generates a prediction block of thecurrent block using the reference pixels according to the intraprediction mode.

In the DC mode, the prediction pixels are generated by copying averagevalue of the N reference pixels located at (x=0, . . . N−1, y=−1) andthe M reference pixels located at (x=−1, y=0, . . . M−1). The predictionpixel adjacent to the reference pixel is filtered by one or two adjacentreference pixels.

In the vertical mode, the prediction pixels are generated by copying thevalue of the vertical reference pixel. The prediction pixels adjacent tothe left reference pixel are filtered using the corner reference pixeland the left neighboring reference pixel.

In the horizontal mode, the prediction pixels are generated by copyingthe value of the horizontal reference pixel. The prediction pixelsadjacent to the above reference pixel are filtered using the cornerreference pixel and the above neighboring reference pixel.

The residual block generating unit 340 generates the residual block ofthe current block using the intra prediction mode. The same procedure ofFIG. 8 is performed by the residual block generating unit 340.

The reconstructed block generating unit 350 adds the prediction blockand the residual block to generate the reconstructed block of thecurrent block.

While the invention has been shown and described with reference tocertain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for generating a reconstructedblock, comprising: an intra prediction unit for deriving an intraprediction mode of a current prediction unit using a Most Probable Mode(MPM) group including three intra prediction modes which are determinedaccording to left and above intra prediction modes of the currentprediction unit, and generating a prediction block according to theintra prediction mode; a residual block generating unit for generating aresidual block by inversely scanning significant flags, coefficientsigns and coefficient levels according to an inverse scan pattern togenerate a quantized block, by inversely quantizing the quantized blockusing a quantization parameter to generate a transformed block and byinversely transforming the transformed block using an inverse transformmatrix determined based on a size of transform unit; and an adder forgenerating a reconstructed block using the prediction block and theresidual block, wherein a size of the prediction block is determinedbased on transform size information; and wherein when only one of theleft intra prediction mode and the above intra prediction mode isavailable, the MPM group includes two non-directional intra predictionmodes and a vertical mode if the available intra prediction mode is oneof the two non-directional intra prediction modes, the MPM groupincludes the available intra prediction mode and the two non-directionalintra prediction modes if the available intra prediction mode is one ofdirectional intra prediction modes.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe intra prediction mode is derived by constructing the MPM groupincluding three intra prediction modes based on the left intraprediction mode and the above intra prediction mode, setting an intraprediction mode of the MPM group specified by a prediction mode index asthe intra prediction mode of the current prediction unit if a mode groupindicator indicates the MPM group, and by determining the intraprediction mode of the current prediction unit by comparing theprediction mode index with the three intra prediction modes of the MPMgroup if the mode group indicator does not indicate the MPM group. 3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inverse scan pattern is selectedamong a diagonal scan, a vertical scan and a horizontal scan based onthe intra prediction mode and the transform size information, and when atransform size is larger than a predetermined size, a plurality ofsubsets are generated and inversely scanned according to the inversescan pattern to generate the quantized block.
 4. The apparatus of claim3, wherein the horizontal scan is selected for a vertical mode and apredetermined number of intra prediction modes neighboring the verticalmode, the vertical scan is selected for a horizontal mode and thepredetermined number of intra prediction modes neighboring thehorizontal mode, and the diagonal scan is selected for all other intraprediction modes.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein if the size ofthe transform unit is 8×8, the predetermined number is
 8. 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein if the size of the transform unit islarger than 8×8, the diagonal scan is applied for all intra predictionmodes.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein when two or more of a leftquantization parameter, an above quantization parameter and a previousquantization parameter are available, the quantization parameter isgenerated using two available quantization parameters and a differentialquantization parameter, and the two available quantization parametersare determined in a predetermined order.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7,wherein the quantization parameter is generated by adding an average ofthe two available quantization parameters and the differentialquantization parameter, the differential quantization parameter isrestored using a bin string indicating an absolute value of thedifferential quantization parameter and a bin indicating a sign of thedifferential quantization parameter.